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Calcination

煅 〔煅〕duàn

A medicinal processing method whereby medicinal materials are heated until red hot by charcoal, coal, or the like, in order to make them crisp, soft, and easily crushed, and to facilitate the extraction of their active constituents in decoction. Materials such as dragon bone (Mastodi Ossis Fossilia, 龙骨 lóng gǔ), oyster shell (Ostreae Concha, 牡蛎 mǔ lì), gypsum (Gypsum Fibrosum, 石膏 shí gāo), and chlorite/mica (Chloriti seu Micae Lapis, 礞石 méng shí) that come in large lumps that do not crumble under heat are calcined by being placed directly in the fire. Materials such as hematite (Haematitum, 代赭石 dài zhě shí), and pyrite (Pyritum, 自然铜 zì rán tóng) that easily crumble are calcined in crucibles called dulu. Some materials such as borax (Borax, 硼砂 péng shā), calamine (Calamina, 炉甘石 lú gān shí), and alum (Alumen, 白矾 bái fán) may be simply heated in a wok. Soft materials such as juncus (Junci Medulla, 灯心草 dēng xīn cǎo) and old trachycarpus (Trachycarpi Stipulae Fibra Veta, 陈棕皮 chén zōng pí) are calcined in a mud-sealed wok to char. Especially hard materials such as hematite (Haematitum, 代赭石 dài zhě shí), white quartz (Quartz Album, 白石英 bái shí yīng), pyrite (Pyritum, 自然铜 zì rán tóng), tortoise shell (Testudinis Carapax et Plastrum, 龟版 guī bǎn), and loadstone (Magnetitum, 磁石 cí shí) are dipped in vinegar after heating to make them softer; actinolite (Actinolitum, 阳起石 yáng qǐ shí) can be dipped in wine.

See calcining and quenching.

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