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The flesh surrounding the teeth. The upper gum belongs to the foot yáng brightness (yáng míng) stomach channel, whereas the lower gum belongs to the hand yáng brightness (yáng míng) large intestine channel. Gum problems include: spontaneous bleeding of the gums; gaping gums; gān of the teeth and gums; galloping gān of the teeth and gums; bone trough wind. Patterns in which gum problems may occur include exuberant stomach heat; kidney yīn vacuity; spleen failing to control blood; upcast yáng; cold enveloping fire; dryness-heat.

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