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Cold giving rise to qì stagnation. Cold tends to congeal and obstruct qì transformation. It is a yīn evil that causes congealing and stagnation, contraction and tension, and easily damages yáng qì. Plain Questions (素问 sù wèn, jǔ tòng lùn) states, When cold qì enters the channels, there is a slowing down, congealing, and nonmovement. When it settles outside the vessels, then blood is scant; when it settles inside the vessels, qì is blocked and there is sudden pain. Thus when cold causes illness, there is pain, abdominal distension, swelling of the lower leg, hypertonicity, paralysis, and reversal cold. Modern Chinese-language textbooks refer to this as blood cold.

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