Eight ramparts

Eight divisions of the eye; the water, wind, heaven, earth, fire, thunder, marsh, and mountain ramparts. These have correspondences with the five wheels. The water rampart is the pupil, corresponding to water wheel. The wind rampart is the dark of the eye, corresponding to the wind wheel. The heaven rampart corresponds to the qì wheel. The earth rampart corresponds to the flesh wheel. The fire, thunder, marsh, and mountain ramparts (the upper and lower parts of the inner and outer canthi respectively), correspond to the blood wheel. In former times, the eight ramparts were applied in diagnosis; however, there was disagreement about their diagnostic significance.